Org design
Pieces tagged org design across all sectors and formats.
Explained / Other / 3 October 2026
How to choose a sales methodology for your UK B2B team
There is no universally best sales methodology. The right choice depends on segment, deal size, cycle length, buyer sophistication, team experience, and existing infrastructure. A practitioner walkthrough of the choice criteria, with honest assessment of where each major methodology fits.
Pick a single methodology and roll it consistently. Most UK B2B sales teams underperform not because they picked the wrong methodology, but because they have multiple methodologies in partial implementation across the team. Methodology consistency beats methodology optimality.
Signal / Other / 8 September 2026
AI-tooling skills in UK sales job descriptions are the fastest-rising requirement in 2025-2026
UK sales job descriptions in 2025-2026 increasingly list AI-tooling skills (LLM-assisted prospecting, AI-assisted call review, AI-augmented research workflows) as required or preferred. The pattern is most visible at scale-ups; mid-market and enterprise are following. The change is fastest in the BDR and AE practitioner roles; sales engineering has been longer-affected; CSM is rising too.
Insight / Other / 7 September 2026
UK sales hiring 2024-2025: structural retrospective on roles, regions, and comp
Through 2024-2025 the UK sales hiring market showed several structural patterns visible across multiple data sources: the AE-to-BDR ratio shifted modestly upward at scale-ups, hybrid posture stabilised at three days a week as the modal pattern, regional hiring outside London and the South East rose at SaaS scale-ups in particular, and OTE inflation moderated after the 2022-2023 surge.
The retrospective view supports continued planning around hybrid-default, regional-distribution-feasible, and OTE-stabilised hiring. Vendors planning UK sales build-out for 2026-2027 should treat these patterns as the planning baseline rather than reverting to pre-2022 assumptions.
Explained / Other / 6 September 2026
How to read UK sales hiring data: methodology notes for the quarterly analysis
Reading public job-posting data accurately requires care. Common pitfalls: posting volume is not hiring volume, role-title proliferation distorts category counts, regional posting reflects company HQ not always work location, salary disclosure remains uneven in UK postings (in contrast to several US states with disclosure mandates). We document our methodology for navigating these.
Treat any specific number from job-posting analysis as directional rather than precise. Quarter-over-quarter shifts on the same methodology are more informative than absolute counts. We publish our methodology so the reader can judge confidence appropriately.
Explained / Other / 5 September 2026
Introducing the Quarterly UK Sales Job-Posting Analysis
A quarterly structural read of UK sales hiring drawn from public job-posting data, REC quarterly reports, IES research, ONS labour data, and our own platform's job-board signals. Covers role mix, regional patterns, comp ranges, remote/hybrid posture, and notable shifts. Methodology-led; structural rather than predictive.
Each quarterly entry establishes a structural read on the UK sales hiring market and notes shifts versus the previous quarter. We do not forecast; we describe what is visible in the data and flag what is changing.
Snapshot / Other / 27 August 2026
The UK proptech sales motion in 2026
UK proptech in 2026 covers analytics (asset valuation, rent benchmarking, portfolio analysis), operations (FM software, BMS integration, sustainability reporting), tenant experience (apps, occupancy sensing), and transactions (digital conveyancing, mortgage-tech). Cycle 4-12 months; deal sizes vary widely by sub-segment.
UK proptech buyer education has matured materially since 2020; the 'we're not a tech company' resistance has largely gone. Vendors should expect competent technical evaluation and data-protection scrutiny equivalent to mid-market SaaS. Cycle compression possible where the vendor pre-builds RICS and EPC alignment.
Explained / Other / 25 August 2026
Selling proptech into UK real estate in 2026
UK real estate B2B sales runs across landlord (commercial REITs, residential PRS), tenant (corporate occupiers, retail), operator (property management firms, FM providers), and developer buyers. Each operates on different cycles, with different decision criteria and different commercial framings.
Map the proptech buyer accurately: landlord values yield and asset value; tenant values cost and experience; operator values operational efficiency; developer values delivery certainty. Same product can be positioned differently by buyer type. Vendors who target one buyer type and ignore the others typically miss substantial addressable market.
Snapshot / Other / 23 August 2026
UK public sector beyond NHS - sales motion in 2026
UK public sector beyond NHS spans central government, local authority, education, defence-supplier, justice (HMCTS, MoJ supply chain), and emergency services. Each has distinct procurement structures, framework eligibility, and security requirements (SC clearance, Cyber Essentials Plus often required).
Treat UK public sector beyond NHS as four distinct sub-markets: central government (CCS-led), local authority (LGSS/ESPO/NEPO/YPO-coordinated but fragmented), education (DfE/JISC-led), defence (MOD-specific). Cyber Essentials Plus, ISO 27001, DPA aligned with public-sector data classification (OFFICIAL, OFFICIAL-SENSITIVE, SECRET) increasingly mandatory.
Signal / Other / 20 August 2026
Sector consolidation in UK charities is reshaping vendor selection
UK charity sector consolidation has accelerated since 2023 as inflation, donor-revenue pressure, and operational-cost rises have pushed mergers and shared-services arrangements. Vendor-side implication: fewer but larger procurement decisions; consolidated procurement teams running unified vendor selection across merged entities.
Snapshot / Other / 19 August 2026
The UK charity sector B2B sales motion in 2026
UK charity B2B sales operates at smaller deal sizes, longer cycles than commercial equivalents, and with explicit cost-sensitivity that shapes commercial framing. Top-tier UK charities (Oxfam, Save the Children, British Red Cross, Cancer Research UK) operate enterprise-equivalent procurement; mid-tier charities run lighter processes; smaller charities are largely founder-led.
Treat UK charity sales as three distinct sub-markets by income: above £100m (enterprise-equivalent), £10-100m (mid-tier), under £10m (light-process). Each requires different commercial framing, deal-size expectations, and cycle planning.
Explained / Other / 18 August 2026
Procurement at large UK charities: the trustee-board signoff layer
Large UK charities (annual income above £1m) operate procurement under explicit Charity Commission scrutiny: trustees have personal duty to ensure spend is in charity's interest, conflicts of interest are disclosed, and procurement processes are documented. The trustee-board signoff layer adds 30-90 days to vendor selection cycles.
Trustee boards meet quarterly at most large UK charities. Vendor decisions above the chief executive's authority threshold must be approved by the board. Vendors who plan against the board cycle close materially better than those who plan against quarterly fiscal cycles.
Snapshot / Other / 15 August 2026
The UK EdTech sales motion in 2026
UK EdTech sales sits across schools (DfE-aligned), further education (FE colleges, varied procurement), higher education (JISC-aligned), and adjacent (corporate L&D, training providers). Each segment has distinct procurement cycles, decision criteria, and budget dynamics.
Schools procurement runs on the academic year (March-April budget; September deployment). Higher education runs on a slower 6-12 month cycle. FE sits between. Vendors covering multiple segments need distinct sales motions per segment; treating EdTech as a single market produces structural cycle-mismatch.
Signal / Professional services / 12 August 2026
Magic circle in-housing of legal-tech is reshaping UK legal-tech sales
Magic circle UK firms (Allen & Overy / Shearman, Clifford Chance, Freshfields, Linklaters, Slaughter and May) have been building internal legal-tech engineering teams since 2022. The shift mirrors broader enterprise in-housing patterns and is reshaping which categories of legal-tech vendor still have addressable market at the top tier.
Explained / Professional services / 10 August 2026
UK law firm procurement patterns: Lexcel, ISO 27001, and the partner-committee cycle
UK law firms run procurement through structures most B2B vendors don't encounter elsewhere: partner committees, equity-partner sign-off, Lexcel practice-management compliance, and SRA-aligned client-data handling. The cycle adds 60-150 days to UK enterprise SaaS-equivalent timelines.
UK law firm procurement gates: Lexcel practice management standard (Law Society), ISO 27001 + SOC 2 Type II, GDPR Art 28 DPA, SRA-aligned client-data handling, professional indemnity coverage. Partner committee cycles run quarterly; missing a quarter slips deals 90 days minimum.
Explained / SaaS / 28 July 2026
Account-based sales for UK mid-market: where it works and where it fails
Account-based sales (ABS) was promoted heavily across UK SaaS through 2018-2023 as a structural answer to broad-volume outbound. By 2026 the picture is more nuanced: ABS works at specific deal sizes and team scales, fails predictably outside those, and many UK mid-market teams adopted it for the wrong reasons. A practitioner walkthrough.
ABS works at deal sizes above 75-100k pounds ARR with cycles 6+ months and named-account lists of 30-100 per AE. ABS fails at smaller deal sizes (the per-account investment doesn't pay back), at very large deal sizes (the buying centre is too wide for one AE to map), and at teams without ABS-trained marketing partnership.
Explained / SaaS / 26 July 2026
Coaching frameworks for UK B2B sales: GROW, deal coaching, and the manager cadence
Sales coaching, done well, is the highest-leverage activity a sales manager runs. Done poorly it's performative theatre that everyone resents. Three frameworks dominate UK B2B sales coaching practice in 2026: GROW (general-purpose coaching, derived from Whitmore's 1992 work), deal-coaching cadences (specific to the AE function), and call-review coaching (specific to recorded-call coaching). When each fits and how to combine.
GROW is the right framework for development conversations and career coaching. Deal-coaching cadences are right for active-pipeline coaching. Call-review coaching sits inside both but is a discrete craft. The strongest UK sales managers run all three on different cadences and don't conflate them.
Explained / SaaS / 25 July 2026
The first 30 days as a new UK sales manager
The first 30 days of a new sales-manager role establish the team's baseline expectations of how this manager will run their book. Done well, the first month produces a coaching cadence, a deal-review rhythm, and a forecast process that hold for 12-18 months. Done poorly, the first month produces a manager seen as performative or absent, and the team disengages.
Week 1: listen, don't act. Week 2: weekly 1:1 cadence locked in, deal-walkthrough format introduced. Week 3: forecast-call cadence locked in, first manager-facilitated deal review. Week 4: documented manager 'how I work' note shared with the team, expectations explicit.
Explained / SaaS / 24 July 2026
Sales playbook design: when to write one, when not to, and the page-count trap
Sales playbooks are routinely written and rarely used. The 90-page document everyone references at orientation and nobody opens after week 4 is the dominant pattern. A practitioner walkthrough of when a playbook is the right artefact, when something else is, and how to keep what you write below the page-count threshold where it stops being read.
Playbooks work when they are short (under 30 pages), maintained (quarterly review against actual deal patterns), and structurally embedded (referenced from CRM stage definitions, deal-walkthrough format, comp plan). Playbooks fail when they are long, written-once, and aspirational.
Insight / SaaS / 23 July 2026
The case for editorial-led job boards in UK B2B sales
Job boards in UK B2B sales are dominated by vendor-led aggregators that monetise listing volume over listing quality. The result: high listing volumes, low candidate-to-fit conversion, recruiter-saturated fields, and broken trust on both sides. This Insight argues that editorial-led job boards - moderated by a publication with brand standards rather than by an aggregator chasing listing fees - are the structural fix.
Editorial-led job boards solve three problems vendor-led aggregators don't: listing-quality moderation, role-scope discipline, and editorial alignment between hiring brand and reader trust. The model isn't proven at scale yet but the structural argument holds; salespeople.co.uk's job board is one application of the thesis.
Insight / SaaS / 22 July 2026
UK SaaS sales is over-tooled, and what should come out of the stack
The 2018-2024 UK SaaS sales tech stack accreted tooling at a rate that exceeded the value the tooling produced. Stacks of 12-20 tools at 100-300 person scale are common; per-tool usage rates of 20-40 percent are common; the per-tool cost compounds. This Insight argues for a structural rebalancing: most UK SaaS sales operations should be running 5-7 tools, not 12-20, and the tools that come out are predictable.
Three categories should come out of most UK SaaS sales tech stacks in 2026: redundant prospecting data tools (one is enough); standalone sequence-management tools where the CRM has caught up; and forecast-tooling overlap where one tool serves the function. The 5-7 tool stack is achievable and produces no measurable degradation in sales outcomes.
Snapshot / SaaS / 20 July 2026
Customer Success as a sales discipline in UK SaaS in 2026
CS in UK SaaS in 2026 is shifting from a post-sale renewal function towards an active sales discipline. The shift reflects the maturity of the SaaS market: buyer-side procurement teams have hardened, churn risk has risen, and renewal isn't automatic. The CS function that survives 2026-2027 is the one that runs commercial discipline.
CS Managers in mature UK SaaS now carry retention quota and (increasingly) expansion quota. The pure 'relationship-only' CSM role is dating. Comp pattern is shifting towards 70/30 base/variable (from 80/20 historically), with variable tied to gross retention and net retention combined.
Snapshot / Retail / 16 July 2026
The UK retail SaaS sales motion in 2026
Selling SaaS to UK retailers operates on retail-specific cycles: trading-calendar-driven, margin-pressure-shaped, and increasingly fragmented across digital and store-based motion. Cycle length, deal-size patterns, and the structural shift towards GMROI-tied commercial framing.
Retail SaaS deals close on trading-calendar timelines (Feb-Apr or Sep-Oct windows) regardless of commercial readiness. GMROI-tied commercial framing increasingly preferred over per-seat pricing. Retail buyer veto from any cross-functional stakeholder kills deals; map the buying centre comprehensively.
Explained / Retail / 15 July 2026
The UK retail buying centre: merchandising, store ops, IT, finance, ecommerce
Selling B2B into UK retailers means navigating a buying centre that's wider and more functionally distributed than typical SaaS-to-SaaS deals. Merchandising, store operations, IT, finance, and ecommerce each have legitimate veto rights on different categories of vendor purchase. A practitioner walkthrough of who owns what, who decides what, and how to sequence the conversation.
Map the buying centre per retail prospect explicitly. The merchandising lead doesn't approve IT spend; the IT lead doesn't approve store-ops spend. Vendors who target a single function and ignore the cross-functional dependencies routinely close half-deals that procurement then unwinds.
Insight / SaaS / 13 July 2026
The end of the SDR factory: how UK B2B outbound is reorganising
The 2018-2024 UK SaaS playbook scaled SDR factories: 30, 50, 80 SDRs running high-volume cadences against pre-built lists, paired loosely with AEs. By 2026 most UK SaaS teams over 100 staff have either dismantled the factory or are dismantling it. This Insight argues the SDR-factory model is structurally obsolete, walks through the four reasons, and describes the converging replacement organisational shape.
The SDR factory is being replaced by a tighter SDR-AE pair structure (1:1 or 1:2 ratios), with SDRs running lower-volume per-prospect-personalised outbound and shifting their metric from meetings-booked to qualified-pipeline-passed. AEs are absorbing 30-50 percent of their own outbound on key target accounts. Teams that haven't restructured are losing ground each quarter to teams that have.
Insight / SaaS / 12 July 2026
The structural shift in UK B2B outbound, 2022 to 2026
UK B2B outbound has changed permanently between 2022 and 2026. The volume-cadence playbook that defined the era is structurally broken: deliverability tightening, buyer fatigue, and PECR/CTPS enforcement have ended its economics. The replacement motion is converging across UK SaaS but is being adopted unevenly. This Insight makes the case that the shift is permanent, not cyclical, and that teams clinging to the old playbook face deteriorating economics for as long as they hold on.
The 2022-vintage volume-cadence outbound playbook is structurally dead, not cyclically depressed. The replacement is fewer touches, more research per prospect, multi-channel mix with LinkedIn-first ordering, and explicit critical-event qualification. Teams that have made the transition are reporting flat-to-up qualified-meeting volumes despite 80 percent volume reductions; teams that haven't are reporting deteriorating results.
Explained / SaaS / 20 June 2026
Building a reusable demo library for UK SaaS sales engineering
60-80 percent of SE time goes to demo prep rather than discovery or POC scoping. A demo library has three layers (scenarios, pre-built environments, assets), three build patterns, and pays back 0.4-0.8 of an FTE per SE seat in recovered capacity.
Quarterly library audit. Post-deal contribution as default. Library ownership has to be a named person or the library degrades.
Explained / SaaS / 19 June 2026
The Sales Engineer's discovery contribution in UK SaaS in 2026
The 2022-vintage SE was a 'demo specialist' joining the second meeting. The 2026 SE owns half of discovery from meeting one. Three threads (technical context, demo design, technical viability) and where SE programmes under-invest.
AE-SE pair from first meeting on deals above 30k pounds ARR. SEs trained on commercial discovery alongside technical depth. SE call review weekly.
Snapshot / SaaS / 9 June 2026
Reference compensation patterns in UK SaaS in 2026
Three patterns: no formal compensation, access-based benefits, honorarium per call. Tradeoffs of each. The pattern that scales cleanest at 100-500 person scale is access-based benefits with optional charity donation as an alternative.
The right level is recognition strong enough to sustain engagement, formal enough to be administered consistently, and modest enough not to be perceived as compensation.
Explained / SaaS / 7 June 2026
Designing a customer reference programme
Customer references are the highest-leverage closing artefact in UK B2B SaaS. A programme design guide: the reference pool, the request process, the governance layer, compensation patterns, the closing-artefact effect, and what goes wrong without governance.
References are a closing artefact (MEDDPICC stage 3-5), not a discovery one. Cap usage at two reference calls per customer per quarter. Access-based benefits scale better than direct compensation.
Snapshot / SaaS / 6 June 2026
Internal vs external win/loss interviewing - the tradeoffs
Internal interviewers cost less and bring product context but produce systematically more polite loss interviews. External agencies cost £400-1,200 per interview and produce materially more honest loss interviews. The hybrid model dominates UK SaaS in 2026.
Most UK SaaS teams over-index on volume. The teams getting the most insight from win/loss are running fewer, more honest interviews.
Snapshot / SaaS / 3 June 2026
The 2026 UK SaaS sales tech stack
The 'core seven' across most UK SaaS teams at 50-300 person scale: CRM, sales engagement, conversation intelligence, forecasting, prospecting data, comp operationalisation, document collaboration. Common additions and the 5-20 percent of total sales operating cost typical for the stack.
Tools added 2022-2023 that haven't been re-evaluated are the highest-priority audit candidates. Annual audit is the discipline.
Explained / SaaS / 1 June 2026
A framework for evaluating sales tech stack ROI in UK SaaS
A UK SaaS sales tech stack of 8-12 tools at 50-300 person scale is normal in 2026. Two years after the buying decision, half are paid-for and under-used. A four-metric framework (active usage, workflow integration, outcome lift, switching cost) plus the keep / replace / cut decision.
Run a portfolio-level audit annually rather than tool-by-tool at renewal. Teams that do this report stack costs 30-40 percent lower with no measurable degradation in sales outcomes.
Snapshot / SaaS / 31 May 2026
Weekly deal-walkthrough cadence in UK SaaS in 2026
Three rhythms at 50-300 person scale: Friday-afternoon whole-team, mid-week pod, asynchronous video. The cadence trap is monthly walkthroughs - they degrade into showing-up theatre. Time investment per AE per week: 1-2 hours.
Weekly is the right cadence. Most managers under-invest here, and the cost shows up as flat AE attainment over 18 months.
Explained / SaaS / 29 May 2026
How to run a deal walkthrough that produces coaching value
The deal walkthrough is the highest-yield coaching format in UK B2B sales and the format most often run badly. A practitioner format guide: the six-section structure, the manager and peer roles, weekly cadence, and three legitimate reasons to skip a week.
Six-section structure (situation / stakeholders / MEDDPICC / crisis points / save / lessons). Weekly cadence; messy deals only; manager coaches in 1:1, not in the walkthrough itself.
Snapshot / SaaS / 28 May 2026
Inbound qualification team structure in UK SaaS in 2026
Three patterns at 50-300 person scale: dedicated inbound SDR pod, AE-direct at high intent, marketing-ops triage. Each fits a different volume and AE-seniority profile. Hire for fast-conversion comfort; pay against AE-accepted-pipeline, not meetings-booked.
Watch AE-accepted-pipeline per inbound SDR per week as the metric. Marketing teams reporting volume up with sales reporting flat AE-accepted-pipeline is the structural failure mode.
Snapshot / SaaS / 23 May 2026
The Sales Development Rep role in UK SaaS in 2026
The SDR role in UK SaaS in 2026 has changed materially from 2022. Volume games have stopped working; the metric is shifting from meetings-booked to qualified-pipeline-passed; AI-assisted prospect research is baseline. Comp pattern, hiring criteria, and the 18-24 month SDR-to-AE promotion timing.
Hire SDRs on coachability, process discipline, and genuine curiosity. SDR-to-AE promotion lands at 18-24 months in UK SaaS in 2026; faster is a yellow flag. The volume-cadence playbook is dating; lower-volume, more-personalised outbound is converging across UK SaaS teams.
Snapshot / SaaS / 22 May 2026
The Account Executive role in UK SaaS in 2026
The AE role in UK SaaS in 2026 has narrowed from the 2020-vintage 'full-funnel' position. Discovery has moved up the funnel, procurement workstream is structurally part of the role, and forecasting credibility is the single most-watched manager metric. Comp pattern, traits recruiters screen on, and where the role is going.
Hire AEs on deal-walkthrough specificity, forecast literacy, and honest postmortem. Account-based outbound is shifting back to the AE; the pure-closer AE role is dating. AI-assisted call review is now standard. Specific OTE figures defer to the UK Sales Comp Report.
Explained / SaaS / 19 May 2026
The first 30, 60, and 90 days as a new AE in UK SaaS
The first 90 days of a new AE in UK SaaS sets the trajectory for the next 18 months. A standard 30-60-90 plan structure that works for IC AE roles at 50-300 person SaaS, what managers most often get wrong (passive onboarding, no deal-walkthrough requirement, late forecast-credibility assessment), and what AEs most often get wrong (over-investment in product, under-investment in role-play).
By day 30: fluency in product, demo, MEDDPICC. By day 60: independent execution, 5-8 first meetings per week, forecast participation. By day 90: pipeline at 1x quarter coverage with 25 percent at MEDDPICC stage 3+, deal walkthrough completed. The 30-60-90 should be a one-page document signed by manager and AE on day 1.
Explained / SaaS / 18 May 2026
Compensation plan design principles for UK SaaS in 2026
A sales comp plan is the single most-read document in any sales organisation. A plan that pays for the outcomes the company actually cares about gets you a sales force that delivers those outcomes; a plan that doesn't gets you what the plan does pay for. Five principles plus the leaver-and-clawback wording that survives UK case-law scrutiny.
Pay for the outcome the company cares about (not what's easy to measure). Simplicity beats elaborate mechanisms. Accelerators above 100 percent are the cheapest motivation you can buy. Pay frequency matters; quarterly for AEs, monthly for SDRs. Leaver and clawback wording must be explicit and survives UK case-law scrutiny only when it is.
Explained / SaaS / 17 May 2026
Quota design: top-down vs bottom-up methodologies in UK SaaS
Quota design is the most political exercise in a UK SaaS sales operation. Done well it lines up rep incentive with company target. Done poorly it produces sandbagging, demotivation, and a 12-month argument every January. A practitioner walkthrough of top-down and bottom-up methodologies, the reconciliation, and two patterns that fail predictably.
Use both top-down and bottom-up; document the gap between them; the gap is the conversation. Productivity-adjusted quota math should assume 60-80 percent average attainment, not 100 percent. Quota-to-OTE ratio under 3x or over 8x deserves a closer look. Avoid the 'stretch' quota that nobody believes and the annual mid-year rebase.
Signal / SaaS / 16 May 2026
The MQL / SQL taxonomy is dating: UK B2B teams are moving to field-defined pipeline stages
MQL and SQL were the dominant pipeline-stage vocabulary in UK B2B SaaS for over a decade. In 2026 they are increasingly seen as a dated framing. Three reasons (marketing-side definition, buyer self-qualification, multi-touch attribution) and what's replacing them.
Snapshot / SaaS / 15 May 2026
RevOps as a function in UK SaaS in 2026
Revenue Operations owns the systems, data, and process the go-to-market organisation runs on: CRM, sales tech stack, comp operationalisation, forecasting, territory design, and GTM analytics. Three common org shapes in 2026 (Finance / Sales / standalone) plus the comp pattern and three traits the strongest UK RevOps hires share.
The strongest UK SaaS RevOps function reports to CEO or COO, not CRO or CFO. Hire on SQL and BI fluency, sales-process literacy, and programme-management discipline; not on Salesforce admin certifications alone.
Explained / SaaS / 13 May 2026
Designing a sales hiring scorecard for UK B2B in 2026
Without a hiring scorecard, sales hiring is pattern-matching to last week's conversations. With one, it becomes audit-able and meaningfully better at predicting first-year quota attainment. A practitioner walkthrough of the five sections, the deal-walkthrough round (the highest-signal interview), and four UK-specific gotchas.
Five-section scorecard (mission / outcomes / competencies / behavioural cultural anchors / disqualifiers) written before sourcing. Deal walkthrough as the structurally highest-signal interview. UK gotchas: right-to-work, pay-transparency expectations, three-month notice, candidate feedback obligations.